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Melancholic depression is a commonly used term for a major depressive episode with melancholic features. Central signs include a profound loss of pleasure, little emotional response to positive events, psychomotor changes, early morning waking, appetite loss, and...
Bipolar disorder is not a personality disorder. It belongs to a separate diagnostic category—bipolar and related disorders—and is widely described as one of the primary affective disorders, or mood disorders. Personality disorders involve long-standing behavioral...
ADHD and depression are separate conditions that frequently coexist as comorbid disorders and can intensify one another. ADHD affects attention, activation, and executive functioning. Depression affects mood, energy, and motivation. When both are present, focus,...
Bipolar disorder has a strong genetic component, and family history can increase the likelihood of developing it. However, bipolar disorder is not caused by a single gene. Multiple genes, environmental factors, sleep patterns, stress, and life experiences all interact...
Current diagnostic criteria classify attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a neurodevelopmental childhood disorder that begins before age 12. Many adults, however, do not recognize their symptoms until much later—often when responsibilities increase,...
A panic attack is a sudden, intense surge of fear or physical distress that peaks quickly—often within minutes. An "anxiety attack" is an informal term people use to describe anxiety that builds gradually around a specific worry or stressor. Both are real, both can...
Neurodivergence is a broad, non-medical umbrella term describing meaningful differences in how people think, learn, focus, communicate, process sensory information, and regulate emotions. It includes conditions like autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and dyslexia....
Sadness is a normal, usually temporary human emotion that often signals something needs attention—stress, loss, poor sleep, hormonal changes, or unmet needs. It differs from depression, which is persistent, lasts more than two weeks, and interferes with daily life....
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is defined by persistent, severe irritable behavior and frequent, intense temper tantrums or outbursts lasting at least 12 months. ADHD is defined by developmentally inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity, and...
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